Types of Errors
1) Surrogate
Information
Error
Surrogate information error is caused b a variation between the
information required to solve the problem & the information sought
by the researcher.
2) Measurement
Error
This is caused by a difference between the information desired by
the researcher & the information provided by the measurement.
3) Experimental
Error
This is designed to measure the impact of one or more independent
variables on a dependent variable.
This error occurs when the effect of the experimental situation itself
is measured rather than the effect of the independent variable.
4) Population
Specification
Error
This is caused by selecting an inappropriate universe or population
from which to collect data.
This is a potentially serious problem in both industrial & consumer
research.
5) Frame Error The sampling is the list of population members from which the
sample units are selected.
This is caused by using an inaccurate or incomplete sampling frame.
6) Sampling Error This is caused by the generation of non representative sample by
means of a probability sampling method.
Sampling error is the focal point of concern in classical statistics.
7) Selection Error Selection error occurs when a non representative sample is obtained
by non probability sampling method.
Selection error is a major problem in non probability samples.
8) Non response
Error
Non response error is caused by….
a) A failure to contact all members of a sample
b) The failure of some contacted members of the sample to
respond to all or specific parts of the measurement instrument.
Glimpses of types of errors
1) Surrogate
Information Error
Variation between the information required to solve the problem &
information sought by the researcher.
2) Measurement
Error
Variation between the information sought by the researcher & the
information produced by the measurement process.
3) Experimental
Error
Variation between the actual impact of the independent variable &
the impact attributed to the independent variable.
4) Population
Specification
Error
Variation between the population required for provide the needed
information & the population selected by the researcher.
5) Frame Error Variation between the population as defined by the researcher & the
list of population members used by the researcher.
6) Sampling Error Variation between a representative sample & the sample obtained by
using a probability sampling method.
7) Selection Error Variation between a representative sample & the sample obtained by
using a non probability sampling method.
8) Non response
Error
Variation between the selected sample & the sample, that actually
participates in the study.
Strategies for Handling Potential Research Errors
3 basic strategies for dealing with potential errors……..
1) Minimize individual errors through effective research design
2) Minimize total error through error trade offs
3) Measure or estimate the amount and/or impact of any residual error 2.
Industrial Marketing
The industrial marketing focus on the marketing of products & services to
commercial enterprises, government & non profit institutions, either for resale
to other industrial consumer or for use in the production of their own products
or services.
1) Surrogate
Information
Error
Surrogate information error is caused b a variation between the
information required to solve the problem & the information sought
by the researcher.
2) Measurement
Error
This is caused by a difference between the information desired by
the researcher & the information provided by the measurement.
3) Experimental
Error
This is designed to measure the impact of one or more independent
variables on a dependent variable.
This error occurs when the effect of the experimental situation itself
is measured rather than the effect of the independent variable.
4) Population
Specification
Error
This is caused by selecting an inappropriate universe or population
from which to collect data.
This is a potentially serious problem in both industrial & consumer
research.
5) Frame Error The sampling is the list of population members from which the
sample units are selected.
This is caused by using an inaccurate or incomplete sampling frame.
6) Sampling Error This is caused by the generation of non representative sample by
means of a probability sampling method.
Sampling error is the focal point of concern in classical statistics.
7) Selection Error Selection error occurs when a non representative sample is obtained
by non probability sampling method.
Selection error is a major problem in non probability samples.
8) Non response
Error
Non response error is caused by….
a) A failure to contact all members of a sample
b) The failure of some contacted members of the sample to
respond to all or specific parts of the measurement instrument.
Glimpses of types of errors
1) Surrogate
Information Error
Variation between the information required to solve the problem &
information sought by the researcher.
2) Measurement
Error
Variation between the information sought by the researcher & the
information produced by the measurement process.
3) Experimental
Error
Variation between the actual impact of the independent variable &
the impact attributed to the independent variable.
4) Population
Specification
Error
Variation between the population required for provide the needed
information & the population selected by the researcher.
5) Frame Error Variation between the population as defined by the researcher & the
list of population members used by the researcher.
6) Sampling Error Variation between a representative sample & the sample obtained by
using a probability sampling method.
7) Selection Error Variation between a representative sample & the sample obtained by
using a non probability sampling method.
8) Non response
Error
Variation between the selected sample & the sample, that actually
participates in the study.
Strategies for Handling Potential Research Errors
3 basic strategies for dealing with potential errors……..
1) Minimize individual errors through effective research design
2) Minimize total error through error trade offs
3) Measure or estimate the amount and/or impact of any residual error 2.
Industrial Marketing
The industrial marketing focus on the marketing of products & services to
commercial enterprises, government & non profit institutions, either for resale
to other industrial consumer or for use in the production of their own products
or services.
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