Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI concerned with two basic ideas.
First, it involves studying the thought processes of humans.
Second, it deals with representing those processes via machines (such as
computers and robots)
AI is behavior by a machine that, if performed by a human being, would be
called intelligent.
As per Rich and Knight, AI is the study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are better.
As per Mark Fox of Carnegie-Mellon University, AI is basically a theory of
how the human mind works.
As per Winston and Predergast list 3 objectives of artificial intelligence.
o Make machines smarter – Primary goal
o Understand what intelligence is – The noble laureate purpose
o Make machines more useful – the entrepreneurial purpose
Several abilities are reconsidered signs of intelligence
Testing for intelligence
Turing Test
According to this test, a computer cold is considered to be smart only
when a human interviewer, conversing with both an unseen human being
and an unseen computer, could not determine which is which.
Symbolic Processing
They choose symbols to represent the problem concepts and apply
various strategies and rules to manipulate these concepts.
Some examples of symbols.
Product …….Defendant………0.8………..Chocolate
AI is the branch of computer science dealing primarily with symbolic, non
algorithmic methods of problem solving.
Two characteristics…….
1. Numeric versus symbolic
2. Algorithmic versus non algorithmic
Heuristics
Heuristics are the key element of AI.
Often heuristics are used to limit the search and focus on the most
promising areas.
Inference
AI is unique in that it makes inferences by using a pattern matching
approach.
Pattern matching
AI works with pattern matching methods that attempt to describe objects,
events, or processes in terms of their qualitative features and logical and
computational relationships.
Artificial Intelligence Versus Natural Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Field
AI comes together in the area of logic, philosophy of language and
philosophy of mind.
Mutual interaction between electrical engineering and AI include image
processing, control theory, pattern recognition and robotics.
AI provides scientific foundation for several growing commercial
technologies.
The major areas are …
1) Expert Systems 6) Neural computing
2) Natural language processing 7) Automatic programming
3) Speech & voice understanding 8) Fuzzy logic
4) Robotics & sensory systems 9) Generic algorithms
5) Computer vision & Sense recognition 10) Intelligent agents
Expert System - EI
Es are computerized programs that attempt to imitate the reasoning
processes and knowledge of experts I solving the specific problems.
Natural Language Processing - NLP
Natural language technology gives computer users the ability to
communicate with the computer in their native language.
The field of NLP consists of two sub fields.
Speech and Voice understanding
Speech understanding is the recognition and understanding by a
computer of spoken language.
Robotics and Sensory System
Sensory systems such as vision systems, tactile systems and signal
processing system when combines with AI, defined a broad category of
systems generally called Robotics.
A robot is an electromechanical device that can be programmed to
perform manual tasks.
The intelligent robot allows it to interpret the collected information and
to respond and adapt to changes in its environment.
Robots combine sensory systems with mechanical motion to produce
machines of widely varying intelligence and abilities.
Computer vision and sense recognition
This has been defined as the addition of some form of computer
intelligence and decision making to digitize visual information received
from a machine sensor such as camera.
The combined information is then used to perform or control such
operations as robotic movement, conveyor speeds and production line
quality.
The basic objective of computer vision is to interpret scenarios rather
than generate pictures.
Neural computing
A neural network is a mathematical model of the way a brain functions.
Other applications of AI include automatic programming, fuzzy logic
genetic algorithms and intelligent agent.
Automatic programming
The goal of automatic programming is to create special programs that
act as intelligent tools to assist programmers and expedite each phase
of the programming process.
The ultimate aim of automatic programming is a computer system that
could develop programs by itself.
Fuzzy logic
This extends the notions of logic beyond simple true/false to allow for
partial or even continuous truths.
AI concerned with two basic ideas.
First, it involves studying the thought processes of humans.
Second, it deals with representing those processes via machines (such as
computers and robots)
AI is behavior by a machine that, if performed by a human being, would be
called intelligent.
As per Rich and Knight, AI is the study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are better.
As per Mark Fox of Carnegie-Mellon University, AI is basically a theory of
how the human mind works.
As per Winston and Predergast list 3 objectives of artificial intelligence.
o Make machines smarter – Primary goal
o Understand what intelligence is – The noble laureate purpose
o Make machines more useful – the entrepreneurial purpose
Several abilities are reconsidered signs of intelligence
Testing for intelligence
Turing Test
According to this test, a computer cold is considered to be smart only
when a human interviewer, conversing with both an unseen human being
and an unseen computer, could not determine which is which.
Symbolic Processing
They choose symbols to represent the problem concepts and apply
various strategies and rules to manipulate these concepts.
Some examples of symbols.
Product …….Defendant………0.8………..Chocolate
AI is the branch of computer science dealing primarily with symbolic, non
algorithmic methods of problem solving.
Two characteristics…….
1. Numeric versus symbolic
2. Algorithmic versus non algorithmic
Heuristics
Heuristics are the key element of AI.
Often heuristics are used to limit the search and focus on the most
promising areas.
Inference
AI is unique in that it makes inferences by using a pattern matching
approach.
Pattern matching
AI works with pattern matching methods that attempt to describe objects,
events, or processes in terms of their qualitative features and logical and
computational relationships.
Artificial Intelligence Versus Natural Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Field
AI comes together in the area of logic, philosophy of language and
philosophy of mind.
Mutual interaction between electrical engineering and AI include image
processing, control theory, pattern recognition and robotics.
AI provides scientific foundation for several growing commercial
technologies.
The major areas are …
1) Expert Systems 6) Neural computing
2) Natural language processing 7) Automatic programming
3) Speech & voice understanding 8) Fuzzy logic
4) Robotics & sensory systems 9) Generic algorithms
5) Computer vision & Sense recognition 10) Intelligent agents
Expert System - EI
Es are computerized programs that attempt to imitate the reasoning
processes and knowledge of experts I solving the specific problems.
Natural Language Processing - NLP
Natural language technology gives computer users the ability to
communicate with the computer in their native language.
The field of NLP consists of two sub fields.
Speech and Voice understanding
Speech understanding is the recognition and understanding by a
computer of spoken language.
Robotics and Sensory System
Sensory systems such as vision systems, tactile systems and signal
processing system when combines with AI, defined a broad category of
systems generally called Robotics.
A robot is an electromechanical device that can be programmed to
perform manual tasks.
The intelligent robot allows it to interpret the collected information and
to respond and adapt to changes in its environment.
Robots combine sensory systems with mechanical motion to produce
machines of widely varying intelligence and abilities.
Computer vision and sense recognition
This has been defined as the addition of some form of computer
intelligence and decision making to digitize visual information received
from a machine sensor such as camera.
The combined information is then used to perform or control such
operations as robotic movement, conveyor speeds and production line
quality.
The basic objective of computer vision is to interpret scenarios rather
than generate pictures.
Neural computing
A neural network is a mathematical model of the way a brain functions.
Other applications of AI include automatic programming, fuzzy logic
genetic algorithms and intelligent agent.
Automatic programming
The goal of automatic programming is to create special programs that
act as intelligent tools to assist programmers and expedite each phase
of the programming process.
The ultimate aim of automatic programming is a computer system that
could develop programs by itself.
Fuzzy logic
This extends the notions of logic beyond simple true/false to allow for
partial or even continuous truths.
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